Racial Equity
Households Receiving SNAP by Race/Ethnicity

Decreasing


Households Receiving SNAP by Race/Ethnicity, 2019-23

What does this measure?

The proportion of households broken out by race and ethnicity that participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as food stamps).

Why is this important?

The SNAP program provides government funding for low-income people to buy food. It therefore indicates how many people in a region cannot support themselves at a basic level. Differences among racial and ethnic groups may reflect the economic health of these groups, as well as potential disparities in access to economic opportunity.

How does our county compare?

In 2019-23, Lancaster County demonstrated disparities in the race and ethnicity of residents receiving SNAP benefits. While 28% of African American residents and 29% of Hispanic residents utilized SNAP benefits, only 7% of white residents received SNAP. Lancaster County's rates are below state levels for all groups, but above national levels for African Americans and Hispanics.

The City of Lancaster had higher rates for every group during this period: 42% of African Americans, 43% of Hispanics and 15% of Whites received SNAP benefits.

Among surrounding counties over the same period, Chester and Cumberland had lower SNAP utilization rates than Lancaster for most groups, while Berks, Dauphin, Lebanon and York generally had higher rates.

Why do these disparities exist?

Research connects lower incomes and higher poverty rates among people of color to historic and current policies and practices that disadvantaged people of color. These policies and systems, ranging from inequitable access to housing to employment discrimination to education systems that fail to equitably serve all populations, have prevented people of color from fully participating in our economy, locking them out of economic opportunity. This has increased the need for some groups to access programs to support basic needs such as SNAP.

Notes about the data

The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.

Studies have found that national survey estimates (including the ACS) of enrollment in public benefit programs tend to underestimate the true rate due to underreporting by participants, when compared with state-level administrative data. Underreporting can occur for a variety of reasons, including the social stigma of program participation and participants' confusion about the source of the services they receive. For these reasons, the estimates reported above should be considered a lower bound of the true estimate.

The multiyear figures are from the Census Bureau's American Community Survey. The bureau combined five years of responses to the survey to provide estimates for smaller geographic areas and increase the precision of its estimates. However, because the information came from a survey, the samples responding to the survey were not always large enough to produce reliable results, especially in small geographic areas. CGR has noted on data tables the estimates with relatively large margins of error. Estimates with three asterisks have the largest margins, plus or minus 50% or more of the estimate. Two asterisks mean plus or minus 35%-50%, and one asterisk means plus or minus 20%-35%. For all estimates, the confidence level is 90%, meaning there is 90% probability the true value (if the whole population were surveyed) would be within the margin of error (or confidence interval). The survey provides data on characteristics of the population that used to be collected only during the decennial census. Data for this indicator are released annually in December.

Households Receiving SNAP by Race/Ethnicity, 2019-23
AsianBlack or African AmericanHispanic or LatinoWhite
Pennsylvania12%33%32%10%
Lancaster County8%***28%29%7%
Lancaster City15%***42%*43%15%
Lancaster County School Districts
School District of Lancaster11%***39%*41%13%
Cocalico School District0%***30%***24%***7%*
Columbia Borough School DistrictN/A***25%***37%***18%*
Conestoga Valley School District2%***11%***14%***7%*
Donegal School District100%***50%***39%***7%*
Eastern Lancaster County School District0%***26%***23%***6%**
Elizabethtown Area School District0%***40%***25%***5%*
Ephrata Area School District14%***30%***19%***7%*
Hempfield School District4%***10%***19%***4%*
Lampeter-Strasburg School District0%***4%***0%***4%**
Manheim Central School District0%***0%***15%***4%*
Manheim Township School District6%***10%***10%***3%*
Penn Manor School District13%***9%***5%***7%*
Pequea Valley School DistrictN/A***0%***12%***7%**
Solanco School District0%***25%***4%***8%*
Warwick School District22%***14%***23%***4%*
Lancaster County Boroughs
Adamstown boroughN/A***0%***0%***5%***
Akron borough0%***0%***51%***5%***
Christiana boroughN/A***0%***0%***11%***
Columbia boroughN/A***25%***37%***18%*
Denver township0%***0%***46%***12%***
East Petersburg borough0%***N/A***0%***5%***
Elizabethtown borough0%***49%***49%***9%*
Ephrata borough0%***62%***20%***10%**
Lititz borough0%***0%***17%***4%***
Manheim borough0%***N/A***0%***12%***
Marietta borough100%***45%***26%***10%**
Millersville borough0%***19%***9%***16%**
Mount Joy boroughN/A***59%***47%***7%**
Mountville boroughN/A***0%***10%***5%***
New Holland borough0%***0%***27%***16%***
Quarryville borough0%***60%***24%***12%**
Strasburg boroughN/A***N/A***N/A***10%***
Terre Hill boroughN/A***N/A***0%***6%***
Lancaster County Townships
Bart township0%***N/A***N/A***2%***
Brecknock townshipN/A***N/A***N/A***1%***
Caernarvon township0%***N/A***0%***3%***
Clay townshipN/A***N/A***35%***7%**
Colerain townshipN/A***N/A***N/A***7%***
Conestoga township0%***100%***100%***5%***
Conoy townshipN/A***N/A***0%***2%***
Drumore townshipN/A***N/A***0%***7%***
Earl township0%***0%***0%***9%***
East Cocalico township0%***100%***0%***7%***
East Donegal township100%***49%***27%***6%***
East Drumore township0%***0%***0%***5%***
East Earl township0%***59%***34%***1%***
East Hempfield township2%***0%***5%***3%**
East Lampeter township11%***14%***15%***8%**
Eden township0%***N/A***N/A***1%***
Elizabeth townshipN/A***N/A***N/A***1%***
Ephrata township100%***0%***0%***4%***
Fulton townshipN/A***0%***0%***19%**
Lancaster township6%***30%***29%***9%**
Leacock townshipN/A***0%***N/A***3%***
Little Britain townshipN/A***N/A***0%***2%***
Manheim township6%***10%***10%***3%*
Manor township18%***2%***2%***6%**
Martic township0%***N/A***N/A***4%***
Mount Joy township0%***0%***12%***7%***
Paradise townshipN/A***0%***7%***7%***
Penn township0%***0%***0%***3%***
Pequea township0%***0%***0%***5%***
Providence townshipN/A***0%***0%***12%***
Rapho township0%***0%***63%***3%***
Sadsbury townshipN/A***0%***0%***6%***
Salisbury townshipN/A***0%***17%***8%**
Strasburg townshipN/A***N/A***N/A***1%***
Upper Leacock township0%***0%***14%***7%***
Warwick township31%***20%***25%***5%**
West Cocalico township0%***0%***15%***5%**
West Donegal township0%***N/A***0%***0%***
West Earl township0%***0%***7%***5%***
West Hempfield township11%***26%***57%***4%**
West Lampeter township0%***4%***0%***2%**
Berks County12%**30%36%9%
Chester County3%**28%13%*4%
Cumberland County4%**28%*20%*6%
Dauphin County16%*21%31%7%
Lebanon County14%***26%**35%9%
York County12%**28%33%9%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Notes: Multiyear results are from rolling American Community Survey. * Margin of error between 20% & 35% of estimate; ** margin of error between 35% & 50%; *** margin of error greater than 50%. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African-American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.




Number of Households Receiving SNAP by Race/Ethnicity, 2019-23
AsianBlack or African AmericanHispanic or LatinoWhite
Pennsylvania19,078178,541103,228429,664
Lancaster County315***1,9905,40211,910
Lancaster City73***1,122*3,3321,833
Lancaster County School Districts
School District of Lancaster93***1,318*3,6832,275
Cocalico School District0***25***58***612*
Columbia Borough School District0***83***329***651*
Conestoga Valley School District8***101***214***695*
Donegal School District22***147***174***573*
Eastern Lancaster County School District0***58***39***617**
Elizabethtown Area School District0***57***105***652*
Ephrata Area School District8***48***177***946*
Hempfield School District25***47***306***728*
Lampeter-Strasburg School District0***7***0***314**
Manheim Central School District0***0***17***478*
Manheim Township School District48***41***123***523*
Penn Manor School District64***27***59***993*
Pequea Valley School District0***0***18***430**
Solanco School District0***15***8***835*
Warwick School District47***16***92***501*
Lancaster County Boroughs
Adamstown borough0***0***0***38***
Akron borough0***0***44***79***
Christiana borough0***0***0***33***
Columbia borough0***83***329***651*
Denver township0***0***46***161***
East Petersburg borough0***0***0***98***
Elizabethtown borough0***57***93***412*
Ephrata borough0***48***114***552**
Lititz borough0***0***20***157***
Manheim borough0***0***0***212***
Marietta borough6***28***10***104**
Millersville borough0***10***16***313**
Mount Joy borough0***79***124***219**
Mountville borough0***0***6***63***
New Holland borough0***0***28***283***
Quarryville borough0***15***8***122**
Strasburg borough0***0***0***123***
Terre Hill borough0***0***0***20***
Lancaster County Townships
Bart township0***0***0***16***
Brecknock township0***0***0***27***
Caernarvon township0***0***0***44***
Clay township0***0***19***180**
Colerain township0***0***0***78***
Conestoga township0***12***20***69***
Conoy township0***0***0***33***
Drumore township0***0***0***60***
Earl township0***0***0***218***
East Cocalico township0***25***0***284***
East Donegal township16***40***40***178***
East Drumore township0***0***0***67***
East Earl township0***58***11***25***
East Hempfield township9***0***46***327**
East Lampeter township8***101***169***385**
Eden township0***0***0***5***
Elizabeth township0***0***0***11***
Ephrata township8***0***0***135***
Fulton township0***0***0***163**
Lancaster township20***196***351***469**
Leacock township0***0***0***47***
Little Britain township0***0***0***34***
Manheim township48***41***123***523*
Manor township64***5***23***429**
Martic township0***0***0***66***
Mount Joy township0***0***12***262***
Paradise township0***0***6***116***
Penn township0***0***0***135***
Pequea township0***0***0***116***
Providence township0***0***0***290***
Rapho township0***0***17***131***
Sadsbury township0***0***0***54***
Salisbury township0***0***12***267**
Strasburg township0***0***0***12***
Upper Leacock township0***0***37***190***
Warwick township47***16***72***333**
West Cocalico township0***0***12***129**
West Donegal township0***0***0***17***
West Earl township0***0***8***120***
West Hempfield township16***47***254***240**
West Lampeter township0***7***0***152**
Berks County238**1,77710,88911,010
Chester County362**2,7801,640*6,079
Cumberland County201**884*724*5,575
Dauphin County836*4,1933,1156,061
Lebanon County81***320**2,0924,335
York County267**2,5963,89213,713

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Notes: Multiyear results are from rolling American Community Survey. * Margin of error between 20% & 35% of estimate; ** margin of error between 35% & 50%; *** margin of error greater than 50%. The Census Bureau asks people to identify their race (white, African-American, etc.) separate from their ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). So the totals for these categories cannot be added together, as people show up in both a racial and ethnic group.




INDICATORS
Prekindergarten Participation
Student Performance on Grade 3 English
Student Performance on Grade 8 Math
High School Cohort Graduation Rate
Per-Student Spending
Students Receiving Special Education Services
Rate of Foster Care Admissions
Disengaged Youth
Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity
Plans of High School Graduates
Enrollment in Local Colleges
College Graduation Rates
Brain Drain/Gain
Education Levels of Adults by Race/Ethnicity
Average Charitable Giving
Voter Registration Rate
Voter Participation Rate
Age of Housing Stock
Violent Crime Rate
Incarceration Rate
Incarceration Rate by Race/Ethnicity
Population Density
Air Quality
Water Use
Waterways Impaired by Pollution
Change in Population
Change in Population by Age and Gender
Population by Age
Population by Race/Ethnicity
People with Disabilities
Foreign-Born Population
Language Diversity
Change in Total Jobs
Change in Employment by Sector
Sector Share of Total Jobs
Workers by Occupation
Change in Labor Force
People Entering/Leaving County/Region for Work
Average Salary by Sector
Change in Average Salary Since 2000
Female to Male Earnings Ratio
Employer Size
Change in Number of Businesses by Sector
Change in Total Agricultural Sales
Spending for Local Government
Spending for School Districts
Children Living in Poverty
Children in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity
People Living in Poverty
People Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Veterans Living in Poverty
Working Poor
Median Household Income by Household Type
Median Household Income
Median Household Income, by Race/Ethnicity
Living Wage
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity
Households Receiving SNAP by Race/Ethnicity
Household Receiving Temporary Assistance
Students Eligible for Free/Reduced Price Lunch
Median Home Value
Occupied Housing Units
Homeownership Rate, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Homeownership by Race/Ethnicity
Median Rent
Cost of Renting
Households Without Vehicles
Means of Transportation to Work, by Race/Ethnicity
People Without Health Insurance
Early Prenatal Care by Mother's Race/Ethnicity
Health Status
Prevalence of Mental Illness
Adults Who are Overweight or Obese
Mortality Rates
Mortality Rate, by Race/Ethnicity
Fatal Drug Overdoses
Cancer Incidence
Households With Internet Access
High-Tech Jobs
STEM Graduates
Science and Engineering Research and Development
Single-Parent Families by Race/Ethnicity
Education Levels of Adults by Race/Ethnicity
Incarceration Rate by Race/Ethnicity
Population by Race/Ethnicity
Children in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity
People Living in Poverty, by Race/Ethnicity
Median Household Income, by Race/Ethnicity
Unemployment Rate by Race/Ethnicity
Households Receiving SNAP by Race/Ethnicity
Homeownership Rate, by Race/Ethnicity
Cost of Homeownership by Race/Ethnicity
Early Prenatal Care by Mother's Race/Ethnicity


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